岩石层,软流层和外围层（续一）

3 富集地幔人们曾经用大陆地壳拼凑和原始的下地幔柱解释所有非大洋中脊玄武岩(即富集玄武岩或来自所谓原生储层的玄武岩)。上地幔被看作是枯竭地幔和洋中脊玄武岩的储层,而仅是洋中脊玄武岩的储藏,它是     

地幔中的化学界面

尽管在４００ｋｍ和６５０ｋｍ深度附近的地震不整合主要是由于相变，但在均一的地幔中它们却不一定是平衡相的界面。４００ｋｍ附近地震波速的跳跃很小以致不是在橄榄石或者橄榄－斜方辉石类为主的地幔岩中相变的结果。     

Delineating alluvial aquifer heterogeneity using resistivity and GPR data

Conceptual geological models based on geophysical data can elucidate aquifer architecture and heterogeneity at meter and smaller scales, which can lead to better predictions of preferential flow pathways. The macrodispersion experiment (MADE) site, with >2000 measurements of hydraulic conductivity obtained and three tracer tests conducted, serves as an ideal natural laboratory for examining relationships between subsurface flow characteristics and geophysical attributes in fluvial aquifers. The spatial variation of hydraulic conductivity measurements indicates a large degree of site heterogeneity. To evaluate the usefulness of geophysical methods for better delineating fluvial aquifer heterogeneities and distribution of preferential flow paths, a surface grid of two-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) and direct current (DC) resistivity data were collected. A geological model was developed from these data that delineate four stratigraphic units with distinct electrical and radar properties including (from top to bottom) (1) a meandering fluvial system (MFS); (2) a braided fluvial system (BFS); (3) fine-grained sands; and (4) a clay-rich interval. A paleochannel, inferred by other authors to affect flow, was mapped in the MFS with both DC resistivity and GPR data. The channel is 2 to 4 m deep and, based on resistivity values, is predominantly filled with clay and silt. Comparing previously collected hydraulic conductivity measurements and tracer-plume migration patterns to the geological model indicates that flow primarily occurs in the BFS and that the channel mapped in the MFS has no influence on plume migration patterns.     

A regression model to estimate regional ground water recharge

A regional regression model was developed to estimate the spatial distribution of ground water recharge in subhumid regions. The regional regression recharge (RRR) model was based on a regression of basin-wide estimates of recharge from surface water drainage basins, precipitation, growing degree days (GDD), and average basin specific yield (SY). Decadal average recharge, precipitation, and GDD were used in the RRR model. The RRR estimates were derived from analysis of stream base flow using a computer program that was based on the Rorabaugh method. As expected, there was a strong correlation between recharge and precipitation. The model was applied to statewide data in Minnesota. Where precipitation was least in the western and northwestern parts of the state (50 to 65 cm/year), recharge computed by the RRR model also was lowest (0 to 5 cm/year). A strong correlation also exists between recharge and SY. SY was least in areas where glacial lake clay occurs, primarily in the northwest part of the state; recharge estimates in these areas were in the 0- to 5-cm/year range. In sand-plain areas where SY is greatest, recharge estimates were in the 15- to 29-cm/year range on the basis of the RRR model. Recharge estimates that were based on the RRR model compared favorably with estimates made on the basis of other methods. The RRR model can be applied in other subhumid regions where region wide data sets of precipitation, streamflow, GDD, and soils data are available.     

大孔径闪烁仪法测算低丘山地人工混交林显热通量的可行性分析

利用位于河南省济源市的华北低丘山地30年生栓皮栋-侧柏-刺槐人工混交林2009年主要生长季节(5-9月)湍流通量及空气结构参数等观测数据,确定迭代法为该下垫面条件下大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)测算显热通量的计算法,测算白天大气非稳定层结状况下的显热通量(HLAS).并采用通量印痕模型,对LAS法通量源区内由2台涡度相关系统观测得到的显热通量进行订正,得到源区内总显热通量值(HfEC).分析LAS法与涡度相关法的显热通量测算或测定值的相关性,结果表明:HLAS与HfEC的线性相关系数可达0.93.说明在分析通量印痕和通量源区的基础上,采用LAS法测算低丘山地人工混交林显热通量具有较好的可行性.     

Effects of alumina refinery wastewater and signature metal constituents at the upper thermal tolerance of: 1. The tropical diatom Nitzschia closterium

Ecotoxicological studies, using the tropical marine diatom, Nitzschia closterium (72-h growth rate), were undertaken to assess potential issues relating to the discharge from an alumina refinery in northern Australia. The studies assessed: (i) the species’ upper thermal tolerance; (ii) the effects of three signature metals, aluminium (Al), vanadium (V) and gallium (Ga) (at 32 °C); and (iii) the effects of wastewater (at 27 and 32 °C). The critical thermal maximum and median inhibition temperature for N. closterium were 32.7 °C and 33.1 °C, respectively. Single metal toxicity tests found that N. closterium was more sensitive to Al compared to Ga and V, with IC₅₀s (95% confidence limits) of 190 (140-280), 19,640 (11,600-25,200) and 42,000 (32,770-56,000) μg L⁻¹, respectively. The undiluted wastewater samples were of low toxicity to N. closterium (IC₅₀s > 100% wastewater). Environmental chemistry data suggested that the key metals and discharge are a very low risk to this species.     

前陆盆地砂岩中的重复性地层模式及其构造意义

通过比较各段中每个准层序的进积规模和各次层序海相上倾终端的位置，在犹他州上白垩统布莱克霍克组的段内建立了两种独特的重复出现的堆叠地层模式。在同一段内，不论层序界面是否分隔开准层序，最虫的准层序总是比较晚的准层序进积较远。其结果是在各段中，进积距离的样式导致了从先进积到后加积的地层堆叠模式。